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• [Untangling the Web] Launch day!

  Thursday July 04, 2013 @ 10:29 AM (UTC)

  Untangling the Web: What the Internet Is Doing to You is officially available in all good book shops today, both the digital and the bricks ‘n mortar variety. It’s been an adventure across TV, my MSc and PhD research, print and online journalism and radio, digging through decades of research in order to understand the true effects of the Web on our social and psychological lives.

  I’m hugely proud of the book, which was – as everything in life is – a team effort. I would not have been possible without the help, advice and support of the following folks (from the book’s Acknowledgements):

  This book is the product of thirteen years of research, as a journalist and as an academic. The chapters have appeared, some in more similar guises than others, in The Observer, The Guardian, on the BBC website, on BBC2’s The Virtual Revolution, on Radio 4’s Digital Human, on the Digital Media and Learning blog and in The Political Quarterly. Some had their first iterations as lectures at the University of Glasgow, the London School of Economics, University of Oxford, University of Nottingham, The Economist, Google, the Royal Institution and the Internet Advertising Bureau. Most importantly to my personal sense of completion, several chapters have been adapted from my PhD.
  
  Therefore, it is unsurprising that there are many people who contributed to these pages. I’d like to thank my editors Charles Arthur, Caspar Llewellyn-Smith, Killian Fox, Ian Tucker and Phil Daoust for harnessing my verbosity, my research supervisors Julie Barnett and Evanthia Lyons for keeping me on target, my parents Danuta, Wojciech and Judy for their continuing and enduring support, my friends Amber Templemore-Finlayson, Devina Sivagurunathan, Marie Campbell, Kate Bevan, Sam Pinney, Denise Hanrahan, Roslyn Smith and Kaitlin Thaney for reading early versions of these chapters, and Gregor and Ally McMurtrie for the loan of their home in idyllic Findochty, Scotland to hammer out draft two, and Ben Hammersley for helping me cross the finish line.

  Please don’t forget to dive into the Untangling the Web blog to learn more more more about all the topics I covered in the book. And do read The Observer columns that were the kernel, just to see how they evolved from one dead tree format to another.

  Buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop, on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

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• OK. Now the end is *really* nigh

  17:00:23 Friday Oct 04 2013

  You have until Monday 7 October to get 50% off Untangling the Web: What the Internet is Doing to You at The Guardian bookshop if you use code UTW07FG at checkout..

  Go go go go go!

  Buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop (get 50% off with code UTW07FG), on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

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• Lies, damn lies... the deal's still on!

  16:40:41 Wednesday Sep 25 2013

  We’ve extended the 50% off deal until 7 October! You can buy Untangling the Web for half price at the Guardian bookshop if you checkout using the code UTW07FG.
  

  You can also buy the book at the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

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• Last chance to get 50% off Untangling the Web!

  06:27:35 Monday Sep 02 2013

  The end of the offer is nigh, my friends… 

  You have until tomorrow, 2 September, to get 50% off Untangling the Web: What the Internet is Doing to You at The Guardian bookshop if you use code UTW07FG at checkout..

  Quick! Christmas is coming, baby!

  Buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop (get 50% off with code UTW07FG), on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

  Read More on www.guardianbookshop.co.uk

• Online Dating Statistics

  08:29:01 Wednesday Aug 21 2013

  Online dating is the subject of a special BBC Radio 4 Woman’s Hour collaboration with BBC Radio 5 Live Men’s Hour. I’ll be recording it today with Professor Monica Whitty (oft referred to on this blog in the love and sex categories), talking trends, effects and the un-scientific-ness of the matching algorithms.

  In my trawl for the most recent info, I discovered these stats about the US dating market. An interesting collection.

  These are my favourites:

  Annual revenue from the online dating industry: $1.049 bn

  Average length of courtship for marriages that met online: 18.5 Months

  Average length of courtship for marriages that met offline: 42 Months

  Percent of male online dating users: 52.4 %

  Percent of female online dating users: 47.6 %

  Percent of marriages in the last year in which the couple met on a dating site: 17 %

  Love is one of the few areas I believe is being transformed by the digital age. Like the search for information, the search for love has become commoditised, which has eradicated the serendipity that might otherwise have delighted.

  Buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop (get 50% off with code UTW07FG), on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

  Read More on www.statisticbrain.com

• Tweeting out loud: extruding our inner voice into the digi-sphere

  16:49:00 Friday Aug 16 2013

  I’ve spoken with Charles Fernyhough before. The developmental psychologist was interviewed for the very first episode of the very first series of the BBC Radio 4 programme The Digital Human. Then, he was talking about capturing the experience of being a child.

  Tomorrow (on Saturday 17th August) on the BBC World Service programme The Forum, he and I and author Aamer Hussein talk with chair Bridget Kendall about capturing our inner voices - those snippets of logic and chaos that we say to ourselves inside our heads.

  More from the blurb:

  This week on the Forum: do you ever consciously talk to yourself? Maybe muttering in private what you won’t say out loud, or giving yourself a private pep talk to improve your performance, or perhaps arguing with yourself about whether to do something or not. We explore these inner monologues or dialogues, what shapes the process, and ask if they are a good thing, or can they trap us inside ourselves? British psychologist Charles Fernyhough explains why he believes the inner voice is vital in helping guide us through life and is rarely a sign of mental illness. Pakistani fiction writer Aamer Hussein writes in both Urdu and English, and explores the tension between thinking in one language and being forced to interact in another. And the American social psychologist Aleks Krotoski has been looking at how the internet affects the way we talk to ourselves.

  Charles has a few interesting things to say about social media and inner voices - specifically the microblogging site Twitter. Here was his enlightenment, back in 2011 in Psychology Today:

  I suspect that I also use Twitter to think out loud. I’ve written previously on this blog about children’s private speech, and how it seems to be their medium of thinking before verbal thought becomes internalized. I wonder whether I use Twitter for some of the same purposes. Talking to yourself seems to have many different functions, for adults as well as children. For one thing, it can express feelings. Many of children’s private utterances seem to have a function in emotion expression and regulation.

  I wrote about the research that describes the functions of such apparently unnecessary gibberish in Untangling the Web: What the Internet is Doing to You: specifically, Oxford researcher Danica Radanovich and her colleague Massimo Ragnedda have a delightful paper comparing it to what anthropologists in the 1930s called phatic speech.

  But Charles goes further. He says Twitter serves an even more crucial function - it helps us work through problems. It empties our minds of unnecessary nonsense so we can use more of our brain function to process things. We draw on both our inner speech and the dialogues that we engage in with our network.

  You can hear more on The Forum on Saturday 17th August 2013.

  And you’ll also get a dollop of fantasy from me in the programme’s 60 Second Idea To Save The World.

  Buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop (get 50% off with code UTW07FG), on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

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• From untanglingtheweb

  09:19:05 Wednesday Aug 07 2013

  Technology can’t fight back so stop picking on it, ok?

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• From untanglingtheweb

  09:17:02 Friday Aug 02 2013

  We must, at some level, need this to be true, since we think it’s true about so many different kinds of things. We experience this sense of fracture so deeply that we ascribe it to machines that, viewed with retrospective detachment, don’t seem remotely capable of producing it. If all you have is a hammer, the saying goes, everything looks like a nail; and, if you think the world is broken, every machine looks like the hammer that broke it.

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• From untanglingtheweb

  13:09:00 Thursday Aug 01 2013

  our possessions become extensions of the self. We use them to signal to ourselves, and others, who we want to be and where we want to belong. And long after we’re gone, they become our legacy. Some might even say our essence lives on in what once we made or owned.

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• Wired Love: the long view says it's not so different from the analog thing

  10:01:00 Friday Jul 26 2013

  Tom Standage, The Economist’s digital editor, has brought my attention to Wired Love by Ella Cheever Thayer, a book about “A Romance of Dots and Dashes".

  Tom first mentioned Wired Love in his own book, The Victorian Internet (oft covered on this tumblog). Most recently, though, he pointed me  via Twitter to Clive Thompson’s review of this “tale of catfishing, OK Cupid, and sexting…from 1880".

  From Clive’s coverage:

  It’s all quite nuttily modern. Wired Love anticipates everything we live with in today’s online, Iphoned courtship: Assessing whether someone you’ve met online is what they say they are; the misunderstandings of tone and substance that come from communicating in rapid-fire, conversational bursts of text; or even the fact that you might not really be sure of the gender/nationality/species of the person you’re flirting with.

  As it turns out, Nattie quickly figures out that “C” is, indeed, a man. But the conversations she and her friends have about her online courtship are utterly wild to read: They have the arch elocutions of Victorian-era America, mixed with concepts that are so thoroughly modern that book feels like it was written this year, by someone merely emulating the language of 1880.

  You can read Wired Love in full here. And I interview OK Cupid CEO & co-founder here.

  I continue Clive’s theme in the iLove chapter of Untangling the Web: What the Internet is Doing to You:

  It may seem ironic that a cold, logical computer has become an important mediator for the most warm and fuzzy of human emotions, but mediated love isn’t a new thing. Elizabeth Barrett Browning fell in love with her future husband Robert via letter between 1845-1846, and the telegraph ushered in its fair share of love affairs around the time that our modern concept of romance first emerged. Tom Standage describes the first “online" wedding between a bride in Boston and a groom in New York in 1848 in The Victorian Internet: “At the appointed hour [the bride] was at the other end of the wire in the Boston telegraph office and, with the telegraph operators relaying their words to and fro in Morse code, the two were duly wed by the magistrate." Terribly romantic, no?

  Almost 150 years later the first web-based marriage took place between Andy (from Somerset, England) and Lisa (from Palm Beach, Florida). The pair had been introduced by a mutual virtual friend in a chatroom on Saturday 25th May 2006. “It was after only a week of chatting on-line that I asked Lisa to come over to visit me in England," says Andy. It worked. Lisa moved to the UK in July, and the pair were engaged within a week. Four months later, they were married: the bride and groom were in a cyber cafe in Taunton in Somerset in England, and the officiant, the Reverend Mike Bugal, was sitting at his computer in Seattle, Washington in the USA. Another Reverend was due to bless the marriage from his computer in Lyndhurst, England at 8pm, but a broken cable wiped out all of Taunton’s telecommunications at exactly that time delaying events: “More frantic phone calls with BT eventually managed to sector a standard telephone link with the Internet," explains the couple’s homepage. “After over two hours of waiting, the blessing could finally re-commence." 

  The congregation, logged into the #cyberwedding chatroom from all corners of the globe, watched and read as <RevMike> typed, “Will you take Andrew (^Cloud9) to be your wedded husband? Will you love, comfort, honour and respect him?" and as Lisa responded, “I will." 

  Despite the technological hiccups that caused <RevMike>’s internet connection to repeatedly log him out of the IRC chat in the middle of the proceedings, the two promised to “share all life has to offer both on-line and IRL (in real life)" together, and were congratulated by the hundreds of people who attended the celebration, and who they knew from the web but had never meet in the flesh before.

  But later, I propose that something *is* different about online love:

  The web is making the happy accident obsolete.

  In a 2009 report for the world’s biggest online dating conglomerate, Match.com, Professor Whitty and her research team found that more than half of women and 43% of men have become fussier about who they date. This is a trend, they say, that’s increasing year on year. And the OII’s research has found that people have become more “instrumentally focused…increasingly considering the practice of finding a mate as a distinct and intentional activity with its own sets of contexts and conventions, rather than something that ‘just happens’ as one goes about other activities.”

  The dating market has indeed become a market. 

  Read more of the online love research I cover in the book elsewhere on this blog, and the whole chapter in the book!
  

  Buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop (get 50% off with code UTW07FG), on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

  Read More on www.gutenberg.org

• The depths of my knowledge

  10:46:00 Thursday Jul 25 2013

  Where did all the information in Untangling the Web: What the Internet is Doing To You come from? Well, I trawled the academic research for evidence from psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, medicine, communications studies, internet studies, library science and philosophy of any transformations in our human and social characters from pre-web to now.

  I documented much of it here, and if you dig around this site, you can read my interpretations of many of these articles. But there are other texts I referenced that aren’t available online. Some of my observations are based on reading I did for my PhD thesis, for example.

  I recommend you don’t take my word for it. Have a gander at the following list of references from the book.

  Dig in, and remember you can buy Untangling the Web at the Guardian bookshop (get 50% off with code UTW07FG), on the Faber & Faber website, on UK Amazon or on US Amazon. Other territories are available too!

  Adamic, L & Glance, N. (2005). The political blogosphere and the 2004 US Election: Divided they blog. Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery, p.36-43.

  Adamic, L. A., Lento, T.M. and Fiore, A.T. (2012). How You Met Me. ICWSM’12 short paper.

  Arnold, M. (2004). The Connected Home: probing the effects and affects of domesticated ICTs. In Artful Integration: Interweaving media, materials and practices (Vol. 2), proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Participatory Design Conference (27-31 July 2004).

  Attwood, F. (2010). Porn.com. Peter Lang: New York.

  Bargh, J.A, McKenna, K.Y.A & Fitsimons, G.M. (2002). Can You See the Real Me? Activation and Expression of the “True Self” on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1): 33-48.

  Barlow, J. P. (1993). Selling Wine Without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on the Global Net. EFF.

  Bell, G. (2011, Dec). Life, Death, and the iPad: Cultural Symbols and Steve Jobs. Communications of the ACM, 54(12): 24-25.

  Berman, J. & Bruckman, A.S. (2001). The Turing Game: Exploring Identity in an Online Environment. Convergence, 7(3): 83-102.

  Bhal, K.T & Leekha, N.D. (2007). Exploring Cognitive Moral Logics Using Grounded Theory: The Case of Software Piracy Journal of Business Ethics, 81(3): 635-646.

  Bilstad, B. T. (1996). Obscenity and Indecency on the Usenet: The Legal And Political Future of Alt.Sex.Stories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol 2(2).

  Block, J. J. (2008, Mar). Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165: 306-307.

  Bowker, N. & Tuffin, K. (2003). Dicing with Deception: People with Disabilities’ Strategies for Managing Safety and Identity Online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 8(2).

  Brasher, B.E. (2001). Give me that online religion. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick.

  Brown, P. & Minty, J. (2006, Dec). Media Coverage & Charitable Giving After the 2004 Tsunami. William Davidson Institute Working Paper No. 855. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=968760

  Bunt, G. (2009). iMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam. UNC Press.

  Cameron, S. & Fox, M. (2011). Working from home: leisure gain or leisure loss? In Cameron, S. (ed.) Handbook on the Economics of Leisure: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd: 128-152. 

  Cassidy, W.P.  (2007). Online News Credibility: An Examination of the Perceptions of Newspaper Journalists, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2): 478-498.

  Castronova, Edward, On Virtual Economies (July 2002). CESifo Working Paper Series No. 752. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=338500

  Coombs, R. H. & Kenkel, W.F. (1966). Sex differences in dating aspirations and satisfaction with computer-selected partners. Journal of Marriage & Family, Vol 1: 62-66.

  Cooper, A., Delmonico, D. L. and Burg, R. (2000). Cybersex Users, Abusers, and Compulsives: New Findings and Implications. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 7(5): 5-29.

  Cummings, A.S. (2010, Dec). From Monopoly to Intellectual Property: Music Piracy and the Remaking of American Copyright, 1909-1971, The Journal of American History, 659-681.

  Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J.P., Horn, A-K, Hughes, B.N. (2009). Facebook and Online Privacy: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Unintended Consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. Vol 15(1): 83-108.

  Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 629-636

  Diakopolous, N. & Naaman, M. (2011). Towards quality discourse in online news comments. Proceedings of the ACM 2011 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperarative Work. New York, NY.

  Dingfelder, S. F. (2011, Feb). Reflecting on narcissism: are young people more self-obsessed than ever before? Monitor on Psychology, Vol 42(2).

  Douglas, K. (2007). Psychology, discrimination and hate groups online, in Adam Joinson, Kaitlyn McKenna, Tom Postmes & Ulf-Deitrich Reips (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology(155-163). OUP: Oxford.

  Dutta, S. Dutton, W. & Law, G. (2011, Apr). The New Internet World: A global perspective on freedom of expression, privacy, trust and security online. INSEAD Working Paper 2011/89/TOM.

  Dutton, W, H., Helsper, E.J., Whitty, M.T., Li, N., Buckwalter, J.G. & Lee, E. (2009) The Role of the Internet in Reconfiguring Marriages: a Cross-National Study. Interpersona, 3(2), 3-18.

  Eisenstein, E. L (1994). The printing press as an agent of change. Cambridge University Press.

  Ess, C. (2007). Cross-cultural perspectives on religion and computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(3), article 9.

  Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Englesakis, M., Rizo, C. & Stern, A. (2004). Health related virtual communities and electronic support groups: systematic review of the effects of online peer to peer interactions, British Medical Journal, 328(7449): 1166.

  Foot, K., Warnick, B. and Schneider, S. M. (2005). Web-Based Memorializing After September 11: Toward a Conceptual Framework. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article 4.

  Fowler, D. (2008). Youth Culture in Modern Britain, c. 1920-c.1970. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.

  Friedman, O. (2008). First possession: An assumption guiding information about who owns what. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(2): 290-295.

  Garrison, B. (2001, Aug). Diffusion of online information technologies in newspaper newsrooms. Journalism, 2(2): 221-239.

  Goggin, G. M. and Newell, C (2002). Communicating disability: What’s the matter with internet studies?. In: M. Power, Refereed Articles from the Proceedings of the ANZCA 2002 Conference. Communication: Reconstructed for the 21st Century, Coolangatta, (). 10-12 July, 2002.

  Goldhaber, M. (1997). Attention economy and the Net. First Monday, 2(4).

  Gora, Y. (2009). ICT and Effects on ‘Togetherness’ in Family Households. RMIT University/Smart Services Cooperative Research Centre.

  Greenberg, S. and Neustaedter, C. (2011). Shared living, experiences and intimacy over video chat in long distance relationships. Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary.

  Gregory, C. (1989-1990). A Willing Suspension of Disbelief, The Student Historical Journal, Vol 21: Loyola University.

  Gross, R. & Acquisti, A. (2005). Information revelation and privacy in online social networks. In WPES ‘05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society. New York: New York.

  Hart, A. (2004). The Role of the Internet in Patient-Practitioner Relationships: Findings from a Qualitative Research Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 6(3).

  Hart, T. R. (2002, Nov). ePhilanthropy: using the Internet to build support.International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 7(4): 353-360.

  Haythornthwaite, C. (2007). Social Networks and Online Community. In A. Joinson, K. McKenna, T. Postmes and U. Reips (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

  Henwood, F., Wyatt, S., Hart, A. & Smith, J. (2003, Sept.). ‘Ignorance is bliss sometimes’: constraints on the emergence of the ‘informed patient’ in the changing landscapes of health information. Sociology of Health & Illness, 25(6):589-607.

  Higgs, K. (2010, Apr.) EroTICs: The first findings. Association for Progressive Communications.

  Hodkinson, P. (2007). Youth Cultures: A Critical Outline of Key Debates, in Hodkinson, P. and Deicke, W. (eds.), Youth Cultures: Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes, New York: Routledge, pp. 1-23.

  Hogan, B., Li, N. and Dutton, W.H. (2011) A Global Shift in the Social Relationships of Networked Individuals: Meeting and Dating Online Comes of Age. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford.

  Home Affairs Committee (2012, Jan 31). Roots of violent radicalisation, House of Commons.

  Ibrahim, Y. (2008). The new risk communities: Social networking sites and risk. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 4(2): 245-253.

  Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittanti, M, boyd, d., Cody, R., Herr-Stephenson, B., Horst, H.A., Lange, P.G., Mahendran, D., Martinez, K.Z., Pascoe, C.J., Perkel, D., Robinson, L., Sims, C., Tripp, L. (2010). Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.

  Jakobsson, M. & Taylor, T.L. (2003). The Sopranos Meets Everquest: Social Networking in Massively Multiplayer Online Games. MelbourneDAC2003, Melbourne, Australia.

  Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: NYU Press.

  Johnson, K. (2001, March). Media and social change: the modernizing influences of television in rural India. Media Culture Society. 23(2): 147-169.

  Johnson, K. A. (2011). The effect of Twitter posts on students’ perceptions of instructor credibility. Learning, Media and Technology, Vol 36(1): 21-38.

  Johnson, R. & Downing, L. (1979, Sept). Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol 37(9): 1532-1538.

  Johnson, R. D. & Dowling, L. H. (1979). Deindividuation and Valence of Cues: Effects on Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 37(9): 1532-1538.

  Jungnickel, K. & Bell, G. (2009). Home is Where the Hub Is? Wireless Infrastructures and the Nature of Domestic Culture in Australia. In M. Foth (ed.) Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics: Community Integration, Implementation. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

  Kennedy, M. (1995, Jun). Charitable Giving by Individuals: A Study of Attitudes and Practice. Human Relations, 48(6): 685-709.

  Kjeldgaard, D. & Askegaard, S. (2006, Sept). The Glocalization of Youth Culture: The Global Youth Segment as Structures of Common Difference. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol 33: 231-247.

  Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmarkm, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T. & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and psychological Well-Being? American Psychologist, 53 (9): 1017-1031.

  Krotoski, A. (2004). Online games, offline selves: A Possible Selves approach to offline self-concept negotiation through play in Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games. MSc Thesis. University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences.

  Krotoski, Aleksandra K. (2009). Social influence in Second Life: Social Network and Social Psychological Processes in the Diffusion of Belief and Behaviour on the Web. PhD Dissertation. University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences.

  Lathouwers, K., de Moor, J. & Didden ,R. (2009). Access to and use of Internet by adolescents who have a physical disability: A comparative study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(4): 711 - 720.

  Levine, D. (2000). Virtual Attraction: what rocks your boat. Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 3(4): 565-573.

  Livingstone, S. (2008, June). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, vol 10(3): 393-411.

  Livingstone, S., Hadon, L, Gorzif, A & Olafsson, K. (2011). EU Kids Online. London School of Economics and Political Science.

  Mankowski, E & Rappaport, J. (1995). Stories, Identity, and the Psychological Sense of Community. In R.S. Wyer (ed.) Advances in social cognition: the real story(221-226), Routledge.

  Manning, J. C. (2006). The Impact of Internet Pornography on Marriage and the Family: A Review of the Research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 13: 131-165.

  Markus, H. & Nurius, P. (1986, Sept). Possible Selves. American Psychologist, 41(9): 954-969.

  Marshall, P.D. (2006). New Media - New Self: The changing power of celebrity. In P. D. Marshall (eds), The Celebrity Culture Reader, Routledge: London.

  Mayer-Schönberger, V. (2010). Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age. Princeton University Press.

  McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. University of Toronto Press.

  Moore, M. (2010, Nov). Shrinking World: The decline of international reporting in the British press. Media Standards Trust.

  Oboler, Andre. (2008, Nov 3). The Rise and Fall of a Facebook hate group. First Monday, 13(11).

  Ochs, Elinor; Taylor, Carolyn; Rudolph, Dina; Smith, Ruth (1992). Storytelling as a theory-building activity. Discourse Processes, Vol 15(1): 37-72.

  Opir, E., Nass, C. & Wagner, A.D. (2009, Aug 24). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academic of Sciences, 106(37): 15583-15587.

  Park, Y., Lim, C. and Nam, T. (2010). CheekTouch: An Affective Interaction Technique while Speaking on the Mobile Phone. CHI 2012: 10-15 April 2010, Atlanta, GA.

  Parkes, C.M., Laungani, P. and Young, B. (1997). Death and Bereavement Across Cultures. Psychology Press: Hove, UK. 

  Pierce, J.L., Kostova, T. & Dirks, K.Y. (2003, Mar). The state of psychological ownership: integrating and extending a century of research. Review of General Psychology, Vol 7(1): 84-107.

  Proshansky, H. M (1978, Jun). The City and Self-Identity. Environment and Behavior, vol 10(2): 147-169.

  Radovanovic, D. & Ragnedda, M. (2012). Small talk in the digital age: Making sense of phatic posts. In Proceedings of the #MSM2012 Workshop. 16 April 2012, Lyon, France.

  Rainie, L., Horrigan, J., Wellman, B. & Boase, J. (2006, Jan 25). The Strength of Internet Ties, Pew Internet & American Life Project.

  Rod, M. A. (2007). The Psychology of Humor: An integrative approach. Academic Press.

  Rose, F. (2001). The Art of Immersion. W.W. Norton.

  S. Pitsillides,S. Katsikides, M. Conreen. (2009). Digital Death, “Images of Virtuality: Conceptualizations and Applications in Everyday Life”, An IFIP WG9.5 “Virtuality and Society” International Workshop, April 23-24, Athens, Greece.

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